The exact beginning of Indian Classical Music is unknown but the discovery of ‘The Dancing Girl’ from Mohenjodaro suggests that the tradition of music has existed in this subcontinent since 2500 BCE. Which is exactly the age of ‘The Dancing Girl’. Indian Classical Music has grown, with historic depth and profound complexity, into a rich tapestry representing Indian culture. The genre has basically two streams: Hindustani, the North Indian tradition, and Carnatic, the South Indian one. More than an entertainment form of music, this art is akin to a spiritual journey, a self-discipline exercise, or an expression of the varied human emotions and philosophies that have found expression in civilization.
The Origin of Indian Classical Music
Indian Classical Music has its roots in the Vedic period, dating over 4,000 years ago when it was associated with religious rituals and ceremonies. Primary basic texts of Indian music are based on the Vedas, especially the Samaveda, which laid down the foundation of the primeval form of musical expression. For thousands of years Indian classical music maintained a uniformed flow until the 13th century. The entry of Islamic traditions and Persian Musiqu-e-Assil style during the 13th century heavily influenced the music tradition on the northern side of Vindya range and gave birth to Hindustani Classical Music. However, the effect of Islamic and Persian tradition didn’t spread much or at all on the southern side of Vindya. This caused a bifurcation and Carnatic Classical Music came into the scene.
Hindustani Classical Music
Hindustani Classical Music is characterized by improvisation and an investigation of raga and tala, prominent in North India. In this tradition, complex compositions and expressive performances are encoded. The instruments used are sitar, tabla, and sarod. Some of the important forms under Hindustani are as follows: -
Dhrupad: This is one of the oldest forms; it is characterized by its somber and meditative nature.
Khyal: A more flexible form that provides ample scope for elaborate improvisation and expressive ornamentation.
Thumri: A light, amatory form dealing essentially with love and devotion.
A lot of legendary musicians, like Ravi Shankar, Zakir Hussain, and Lata Mangeshkar, have immensely contributed toward popularizing Hindustani classical music in India and worldwide.
Carnatic Classical Music
Carnatic classical music proliferates in South India, where there is a more regimented approach to the ragas and talas, with a focus on religious themes. It is very common to have complicated compositions in languages like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, etc. Some of the important elements are as follows:
Varnams: Frequently full-scale compositions that can also be used as practice pieces or as vehicles for demonstrating technical prowess.
Kritias: Devotional songs that make the basic repertoire of Carnatic music, composed by saints and composers like Thyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar, and Syama Sastri.
Ragam-Tanam-Pallavi: A complex format that draws out improvisational skills and intricate rhythmic patterns.
Instruments like the veena, mridangam, and flute are the soul of Carnatic classical music performances and create quite a unique and rich audio experience. It is a tradition that has been kept and advanced by legends like MS Subbulakshmi and Lalgudi Jayaraman.
The Common Point of Two Traditions
The two traditions of Indian classical music basically revolve around two elements, Raga and Tala.
Raga is a melodic framework, the basis of improvisation. Some of the ragas are exclusively performed during the early hours of dawn and dusk, and during the different seasons, since all of them refer to certain emotions and moods.
Tala, on the other hand, is a rhythmic cycle that sets a time structure for music to be played. Simple rhythmic patterns to really complex cycles, talas provide the background of rhythm in which the performance will take place.
Recent Developments and International Influence
The evolution of Indian classical music has continued, incorporating influences from other musical traditions and experimenting with new formats. Globalization is another reason that has brought Indian classical music to global audiences. Collaboration with Western artists and classical elements in popular music genres have further increased its scope and audience.
Conclusion
Indian Classical Music is a deep and complex art that retains its charm for music lovers around the world. This is a highly unusual and resilient tradition, with a rich history, intricate structures, and such a strong emphasis on improvisation. Whether it be through the meditative strains of Hindustani ragas or through the intricate compositions of Carnatic music itself, Indian classical music provides a scene for deep exploration into the gamut of human emotion and spirituality. Notwithstanding that it has adapted to the modern world while conserving its ancient roots, Indian Classical Music has remained vibrant and influential as part of the global cultural landscape up to this moment.
- Hindustani Music is one of the distinct schools of Indian Classical Music practiced mainly in North India.While the historical roots of both the music types belong to the Bharata's NATYASASHTRA, they diverged in the 14th century. The Hindustani branch of music focuses more on the musical structure and the possibilities of improvisation in it. Hindustani branch adopted a scale of Sudhha Swara Saptaka or Octave of Natural Notes.
- In ancient times, it has been passed from one to another through Guru Shishya Parampara.Musical instruments used in Hindustani are Tabla, Sarangi, Sitar, Santoor, Flute and violin. It is based on the Raga system. The Raga is a melodic scale comprising of basic seven notes.
- The major vocal forms associated with Hindustani classical music are the Khayal, Thumri,Dhrupad, Dhammar, Tarana and Ghazal.Indian classical music has two foundational elements, Raga and Tala. The raga, based on a varied repertoire of swara (notes including microtones), forms the fabric of a deeply intricate melodic structure, while the tala measures the time cycle.
